TELANGANA

Telangana (Telugu: తెలంగాణ,Urdu: تیلنگانا, Hindi: तेलंगाना ) is a region in Andhra Pradesh, India. The region borders the states of Maharashtra on the north-west, Karnataka on the west, Chattisgarh on the north-east, Orissa on the east, the Coastal Andhra region on the east and the Rayalaseema region on the south. Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema were part of the former Andhra state which was merged with Telangana to form the current state of Andhra Pradesh in 1956. The region has an area of 114,840 square kilometres (44,340 sq mi), and a population of 30,696,520 per the 2001 census. The region lies on the Deccan plateau to the west of the Eastern Ghats range, and includes the northwestern interior districts of the Andhra Pradesh state. Telangana region has 10 districts: Adilabad, Hyderabad, Khammam, Karimnagar, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad, Rangareddy, and Warangal. The Krishna and Godavari rivers flow through the region from west to east. Of the 34 districts in India which face acute farm distress, nine are in Telangana.[1][2][3] In 2006, of the 31 districts identified in four states for the Prime Minster's package for watershed development projects, nine are in Telangana region and eight are in other parts of Andhra Pradesh.[4][5] On December 9, 2009, the Government of India announced that the process for the formation of Telangana state would be considered upon introduction and passage of a separation statement by the state assembly of Andhra Pradesh.[6][7][8] The Government of India constituted a five-member committee headed by Justice B. N. Srikrishna to study the feasibility of a separate Telangana state within the Indian Union.[9]

Contents


[edit] History

Hyderabad is the largest city of the Telangana region
In Treta Yuga, it is believed that Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana arrived in Telengana from Dandakaranya (present-day southern Chhattisgarh). They initially came to Karimnagar district and lived in places like the Ramagiri hills and Illantha Kunta village. They then moved along the Godavari River spent their lives in exile at Parnashala, which is about 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Bhadrachalam in Khammam District.
Telangana was the homeland of the Satavahana dynasty (230 BCE to 220 CE). Kotilingala in Karimnagar was their first capital, before Dharanikota. Excavations at Kotilingala revealed coinage of Simukha, the first Satavahana emperor.
The region experienced its golden age during the reign of the Kakatiya dynasty, a Telugu dynasty that ruled most parts of what is now Andhra Pradesh from 1083 to 1323. Ganapatideva was known as the greatest of the Kakatiyas, and the first after the Satavahanas to bring the entire Telugu area under one rule. He put an end to the rule of the Cholas, who accepted his suzerainty in the year 1210. He established order in his vast dominion that stretched from the Godavari delta in the east to Raichur (in modern day Karnataka) in the west and from Karimnagar and Bastar (in modern day Chattisgarh) in the north to Srisailam and Tripurantakam, near Ongole, in the south. It was during his reign that the Golkonda fort was constructed. Rudrama Devi and Prataparudra were prominent rulers from the Kakatiya dynasty.
Telangana came under the Muslim rule of the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century, followed by Bahmanis, Qutb Shahis, and the Mughals. As the Mughal Empire began to disintegrate in the early 18th century, the Muslim Asafjahi dynasty established a separate state known as Hyderabad. Later, Hyderabad entered into a treaty of subsidiary alliance with the British Empire, and was the largest and most populous princely state in India. Telangana was never under direct British rule, unlike the Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema regions of Andhra Pradesh, which were part of British India's Madras Presidency.
The Telangana region was the heart of numerous dynasties. Chowmahalla Palace was home to the Nizams of Hyderabad state.

[edit] Telangana Rebellion

Main article: Telangana Rebellion
The Telangana Rebellion was a peasant revolt which was later supported by the Communists. It took place in the former princely state of Hyderabad between 1946 and 1951. This was led by the Communist Party of India.[10]
The revolt began in the Nalgonda district and quickly spread to the Warangal and Bidar districts. Peasant farmers and labourers revolted against the local feudal landlords (jagirdars and deshmukhs) and later against the Osman Ali Khan, Asif Jah VII. The initial aims were to do away with illegal and excessive exploitation meted out by these feudal lords in the name of bonded labour (Vetti Chakiri). The most strident demand was for all debts of the peasants to be written off.[11][12]
Among the well-known individuals at the forefront of the movement were leaders like Anabheri Prabhakar Rao, Bathini Mogilaiah Goud, Doddi Komraiah, Bandi Yadagiri, Suddala Hanumanthu, Acharya Konda Lakshman Bapuji, Chakalli Iylamma, Komaram Bheem, Puchalapalli Sundaraiah, Makineni Basavapunaiah, Chandra Rajeswara Rao, Raavi Narayana Reddy, Bommagani Dharma Biksham,Arjula Ramana Reddy, the Urdu poet Makhdoom Mohiuddin, Hassan Nasir, Bhimreddy Narasimha Reddy, Mallu Venkata Narasimha Reddy, Mallu Swarajyam, Arutla Ramchandra Reddy and his wife Arutla Kamala Bai.[12][13] [14]
The violent phase of the movement ended after the central government sent in the army. Starting in 1951, the CPI shifted to a more moderate strategy of seeking to bring communism to India within the constraints of Indian democracy.[15]
In 1937, Time magazine said Hyderabad state was the richest native state in India. [16]

[edit] Post-independence

When India became independent from the British Empire in 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad wanted Hyderabad State to remain independent under the special provisions given to princely states. Rebellion had started throughout the state against the Nizam's rule and his army, known as the Razakars. The Razakars, led by their chief, Qasim Razvi, massacred many people and rebels to suppress the movement. They destroyed many temples and monuments across the state. Mass assassinations, similar to Jallianwala Bagh massacre, took place through out the state.[citation needed] The Government of India annexed Hyderabad State on 17 September 1948, in an operation by the Indian Army called Operation Polo. When India became independent, Telugu-speaking people were distributed in about 22 districts, 9 of them in the former Nizam's dominions of the princely state of Hyderabad, 12 in the Madras Presidency (Andhra region), and one in French-controlled Yanam.
The Central Government appointed a civil servant, M. K. Vellodi, as First Chief Minister of Hyderabad state on 26 January 1950. He administered the state with the help of bureaucrats from Madras state and Bombay state. In 1952, Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected Chief minister of Hyderabad State in the first democratic election. During this time there were violent agitations by some Telanganites to send back bureaucrats from Madras state, and to strictly implement rule by natives of Hyderabad.[17]
Meanwhile, Telugu-speaking areas in the Andhra region were carved out of the erstwhile Madras state by leaders like Potti Sri Ramulu to create Andhra State in 1953, with Kurnool as its capital.[18][19][20]

[edit] Merger of Telangana and Andhra

In December 1953, the States Reorganization Commission was appointed to prepare for the creation of states on linguistic lines.[21] The States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) was not in favour of an immediate merger of Telangana region with Andhra state, despite their common language.
Paragraph 382 of the States Reorganisation Commission Report (SRC) said "opinion in Andhra is overwhelmingly in favour of the larger unit; public opinion in Telangana has still to crystallize itself. Important leaders of public opinion in Andhra themselves seem to appreciate that the unification of Telangana with Andhra, though desirable, should be based on a voluntary and willing association of the people and that it is primarily for the people of Telangana to take a decision about their future". The people of Telangana had several concerns. The region had a less-developed economy than Andhra, but with a larger revenue base (mostly because it taxed rather than prohibited alcoholic beverages), which people of Telangana feared might be diverted for use in Andhra. They feared that planned irrigation projects on the Krishna and Godavari rivers would not benefit Telangana proportionately, even though people of Telangana controlled the headwaters of the rivers. It was feared that the people of Andhra, who had access to higher standards of education under the British rule, would have an unfair advantage in seeking government and educational jobs.
The commission proposed that the Telangana region be constituted as a separate state with a provision for unification with Andhra state, after the 1961 general elections, if a resolution could be passed in the Telangana state assembly with a two-thirds majority.
The Chief Minister of Hyderabad State, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, expressed his view that a majority of Telangana people were against the merger.[22]
Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru initially was skeptical of merging Telangana with Andhra State, fearing a "tint of expansionist imperialism" in it.[23] [24] He compared the merger to a matrimonial alliance having "provisions for divorce" if the partners in the alliance cannot get on well.[25][26]
Following the Gentlemen's agreement, the central government established a unified Andhra Pradesh on November 1, 1956.[18][27][28] The agreement provided reassurances to Telangana in terms of power-sharing as well as administrative domicile rules and distribution of expenses of various regions.
Anti-Nehru politics emerged with the repression of the Telengana movement; many within the Congress Party extended their hands to leftist causes. Feroze Gandhi was among them.[29]

[edit] Separate Telangana state movement

Main article: Telangana movement

[edit] Grievances of Telangana proponents

Proponents of a separate Telangana state cite perceived injustices in the distribution of water, budget allocations, and jobs. Budget allocations to Telangana are generally less than 1/3 of the total Andhra Pradesh budget. There are allegations that in most years, funds allocated to Telangana were never spent. Telangana JAC leaders say that only 20% of the total Government employees, less than 10% of employees in the secretariat, and less than 5% of department heads in the Andhra Pradesh government are from Telangana. [30][31][32][33] None of these allegations were proved wrong by the Sri Krishna Committee due to lack of data, and its choice to compare regions (Seema-Andhra vs Telangana) not its people (Seema-Andhrites vs Telanganites). [34][35]
Proponents of a separate Telangana state feel that the agreements, plans, and assurances from the legislature and Lok Sabha over the last fifty years have not been honoured, and as a consequence Telangana has remained neglected, exploited, and backward. They feel that separation is the best solution.[36][37][38]

[edit] History of the movement

In the years after the formation of Andhra Pradesh state, the people of Telangana expressed dissatisfaction over how the agreements and guarantees were implemented. Discontent intensified in January 1969, when the some of the guarantees that had been agreed on were supposed to lapse. Student agitation for the proper implementation of the agreement began at Osmania University in Hyderabad and spread to other parts of the region. [39] This agitation came to an end in September 1971 when people realised that the Prime Minister was not inclined to towards a separate state of Telangana.[40] Due to agitation in the Seema-Andra region in 1973 protesting the protections for Telangana, the central government diluted the protections in Gentlemen's agreement by initiating the Six point formula.
Various political parties were formed with a platform of pursuing statehood for Telangana, including the Telangana Praja Samithi political party in 1969, which won 10 out of 14 Parliamentory contituencies in 1971.[41][42] In the 1990s, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) promised a separate Telangana state if they came to power.[43] A new party called Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS), led by Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao (KCR), was formed in 2001 with the single-point agenda of creating a separate Telangana state with Hyderabad as its capital.[44]
For the 2004 Assembly and Parliament elections, the Congress party and the TRS had an electoral alliance in the Telangana region that promised a separate Telangana State.[45] Congress came to power in the state and formed a coalition government at the centre. TRS joined the coalition government in 2004 and was successful in making a separate Telangana state a part of the common minimum programme of the coalition government.[46] In September 2006, TRS withdrew support from the Congress-led coalition government because of their failure to deliver on their promise to create an independent Telangana state.[47][48][49]
In July 2008, Devendra Goud and other leaders such as E. Peddi Reddy resigned from Telugu Desam Party(TDP) and formed a new party called Nava Telangana Praja Party (NTPP) with Telangana formation as its main goal.[50] After extensive internal discussions, the TDP, the main opposition party in the state, announced its support for the creation of Telangana on 9 October 2008.[51] The Telugu Desam Party promised to work for Telangana statehood. The Praja Rajyam Party (PRP), newly founded by film star Chiranjeevi, supported Telangana statehood.[52] The Nava Telangana Praja Party announced that it would merge with PRP after it concluded that there was not enough political space for two sub-regional Telangana parties that had Telananga statehood as their main agenda.[53][54]
On 29 November 2009, TRS president K. Chandrashekar Rao (KCR) started a fast-unto-death, demanding that the Congress party introduce a Telangana bill in Parliament. He was arrested by the government of Andhra Pradesh.[55][56][57][58][59] Student organizations, employee unions, and various organizations joined the movement.[60][61] [62] General strikes shut down Telangana on 6 and 7 December.[63] Student organizations planned a massive rally at the state Assembly on 10 December. The government warned that the rally did not have permission and deployed police troops throughout Telangana.[64] All opposition parties in the state favoured creation of Telangana state at an all-party meet held on 7 December.[65]
On 9 December 2009, Union Minister of Home Affairs P. Chidambaram announced that the Indian government would start the process of forming a separate Telangana state, pending the introduction and passage of a separation resolution in the Andhra Pradesh assembly.[66] KCR ended his 11-day fast, saying from his hospital bed that this was a "true victory of the people of Telangana."
Pro-Telangana supporters celebrated the central government decision, while those from the Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema regions (Andhra region) protested.[67][68] Due to protests in the Seema-Andhra region, On 23 December, the Government of India announced that no action on Telangana would be taken until a consensus was reached by all parties. [69] Rallies, hunger strikes, and suicides continued throughout Telangana to protest against the delay in bifurcating the State.[70] The all-party Telangana Joint Action Committee (JAC) started relay hunger strikes and threatened the resignations of all legislators on 28 January, demanding that the Centre spell out its intentions and create a timetable for change.[71] On 3 February the government announced the five-member Srikrishna committee on Telangana that would look into the issue,[72] with a deadline of 31 December 2010.

[edit] Srikrishna Committee report

The Srikrishna committee on Telangana submitted its report in two volumes to the Home Ministry of India on 30 December 2010.[73] In an all-party meeting on 6 January 2011, the Home ministry made the 505-page Srikrishna committee report public. Section 9-3 (page 440) of the report[74] discusses six solutions.[75][76]
The Committee announced that they were recommending keeping the State united, and advised constitutional and statutory measures for socio-economic development and political empowerment of Telangana region through the creation of a statutorily-empowered Telangana Regional Council. Telangana leaders say the best option from the Sri Krishna committee report is the formation of separate Telangana state with Hyderabad as its capital. They plan to pressure the Central government to zero in on this option as the only workable one.[77][78][79][80]

[edit] Geography

Telangana region marked in white within the state of Andhra Pradesh
Telangana is situated in the central stretch of the eastern seaboard of the Indian Peninsula. Of the three regions of the state of Andhra Pradesh,[81] Telangana has the largest area, with 114,800 square kilometres (44,300 sq mi). The Deccan plateau is drained by two major rivers, the Godavari and the Krishna. 69% of the Krishna River and 79% of the Godavari River catchment area is in Telangana. Tthere are other rivers such as Manair, Bhima, Dindi, Kinnerasani, Manjeera, Munneru, Moosi, Penganga, Praanahita, and Peddavagu and Taliperu.
The area is divided into two main regions, the Eastern Ghats and the peneplains. The surface is dotted with low depressions. The region has very valuable coal mines in Ramagundam.

[edit] Natural resources

This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)

45% of the forested area in the state is in Telangana region, spread across five districts. 20% of the coal deposits in the country is in Telangana region. The Singareni Collieries Company excavates coal for industrial purposes and for thermal power stations. The power generated is supplied to to the entire of South India. There are limestone deposits in the region, which cater to cement factories. Telangana has other resources such as bauxite and mica.

[edit] Demography

9 out of 10 districts in the Telangana region are recognized by the Government of India as backward. The only exception is Hyderabad district. According to the Backward Regions Grant Fund 2009–10, 13 such districts are located in Andhra Pradesh; 9 are from Telangana and the rest are from other regions.[82][83][84] 86% of Telangana is Hindu, 12.4% is Muslim, and 1.2% is Christian. Hyderabad city has 41% of the total Muslim population. Telangana districts outside of Hyderabad district]] have 8.4% of the Muslim population.[85]
More than 90% of Telangana people speak the Telangana dialect of Telugu, which is primarily Telugu with Urdu influences.[citation needed] About 11% of Telangana people speak Hyderabadi Urdu. Urdu speakers are mostly Muslims, though people of other ethnicities also use Urdu for day-to-day life.[86] [1] Hindi is spoken by people from other states of North India and Central India like Gujarat and Maharashtra. Kannada and Marathi are also spoken. Telugu, Urdu, and English are the official languages of the region.

[edit] Culture and identity

Hyderabadi biryani
Telangana has its own distinctive culture and identity. Most prominent is the Hyderabadi culture, also called Deccan culture.[87][88]

[edit] Festivals

Bonalu, Diwali, Dassera, Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, Christmas and Ugadi are prominent festivals in Telangana. Other festivals of Hindus and Muslims such as Holi, Raksha Bandhan, and Moharram are also celebrated with equal enthusiasm as in southern India. The national festival Sankranti is celebrated at the beginning of harvest season, on 14 January every year. Regional festivals like Bathukama and Bonalu are also celebrated.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ For 55 years, Telangana has remained a dream. Will it be realised?
  2. ^ Acute farm distress in Telangana
  3. ^ India's tussle over new state of Telangana
  4. ^ http://www.nabard.org/farm_sector/pdf/WDF-PM's-package_020310.pdf
  5. ^ http://www.nabard.org/pdf/final_report_website.pdf
  6. ^ Centre agrees to form Telangana state
  7. ^ Centre: process of forming Telangana to be initiated
  8. ^ "Front Page : Rosaiah: nothing has been finalised on Telangana". The Hindu. 2009-12-13. http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/13/stories/2009121359870800.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-14. 
  9. ^ "Telangana Committee to be headed by justice B N Srikrishna and no state will be formed as per the reports". Business-standard.com. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/telangana-committee-to-be-headed-by-justice-b-n-srikrishna/84823/on. Retrieved 2010-09-14. 
  10. ^ Elliot, Carolyn M. (November 1974). "Decline of a Patrimonial Regime: The Telangana Rebellion in India, 1946–51". Journal of Asian Studies 34 (1): 24–47. http://www.scribd.com/doc/15377979/Decline-of-a-Patrimonial-Regime-The-Telengana-Rebellion-in-India-194651. 
  11. ^ Sanghatana, Stree Shakti (1989). We Were Making History: Life Stories of Women in the Telangana People's Struggle. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0862326796. 
  12. ^ a b Puchalapalli, Sundarayya (February 1973). "Telangana People's Armed Struggle, 1946–1951. Part One: Historical Setting". Social Scientist (Social Scientist) 1 (7): 3–19. doi:10.2307/3516269. http://www.scribd.com/doc/15379761/Telangana-Peoples-Armed-Struggle-19461951-Part-One-Historical-Setting. 
  13. ^ Arutla, Ramachandra Reddy (1984). Telangana Struggle: Memoirs. New Delhi: People's Publishing House. OCLC 12666416. 
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  15. ^ History of Communist party in India
  16. ^ "HYDERABAD: Silver Jubilee Durbar (1937)". time.com. 22 Feb 1937. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,770599,00.html. Retrieved 06 Feb 2011. 
  17. ^ Mulki agitation in Hyderabad state
  18. ^ a b "History and Culture – History-Post-Independence Era". APonline. http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html. Retrieved 2010-09-14. 
  19. ^ After Sriramulu, Andhra State
  20. ^ Andhra State formed
  21. ^ SRC submits report
  22. ^ Hyderabad CM's Views on merger
  23. ^ Visalandhra demand was bearing a taint of "expansive imperialism": Nehru - page8 of Indian express Oct 2, 1953
  24. ^ Visalandhra demand was bearing a taint of "expansive imperialism": Nehru - page8 of Indian express Oct 2, 1953
  25. ^ Reorganisation, then and now
  26. ^ Nehru compares merger with Matrimonial alliance with provision for divorce
  27. ^ Andhra Pradesh to be formed with safeguards to Telangana
  28. ^ Andhra Pradesh formed
  29. ^ "Manorama Online". Week.manoramaonline.com. http://week.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/theWeekContent.do?contentType=EDITORIAL&sectionName=COVER%20STORY&programId=1073755753&BV_ID=@@@&contentId=6852579. Retrieved 2010-09-14. 
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  34. ^ Govt to SKC: It has only 10 years data.
  35. ^ The Srikrishna Committee Report: A Waste of Time
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  37. ^ Still seeking justice(30min video)
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  43. ^ "Front Page : Sushma pitches for Telangana". The Hindu. 2010-01-24. http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/24/stories/2010012455140100.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-14. 
  44. ^ Amin Jafri, Syed (2001-05-17). "Massive rally demands Telangana state". rediff.com. http://ia.rediff.com/news/2001/may/17ap1.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-16. 
  45. ^ "Controversy over SRC blows over". Andhra Pradesh (The Hindu). 2004-03-05. http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/05/stories/2004030505830600.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-16. 
  46. ^ "Common Minimum Programme of the Congress led United Progressive Alliance". Indian National Congress. May 2004. Archived from the original on 2007-12-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20071212084846/http://www.aicc.org.in/common-minimum-programme.php. Retrieved 2008-02-16. 
  47. ^ "Sub-committee to look into demand for Telangana". The Hindu. 2004-11-27. http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/27/stories/2004112706820101.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-16. 
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  50. ^ Devendra Goud’s outfit is Nava Telangana Praja Party
  51. ^ TDP announces support to creation of Telangana state
  52. ^ BBC News
  53. ^ NTP merges with PRP
  54. ^ PRP for T-state
  55. ^ KCR to launch fast on Nov. 29
  56. ^ KCR arrest ahead of his proposed indefinite hunger strike
  57. ^ TRS activist attempts self- immolation, critical
  58. ^ Government forcibly administers saline to end KCR's fast
  59. ^ KCR protest confuses miners
  60. ^ OU turns hotspot of students’ angst
  61. ^ Colleges in Telangana closed for 15 days
  62. ^ Constable shoots himself, dies
  63. ^ Telangana bandh total on first day
  64. ^ Thousands of Indian police deployed for Hyderabad rally
  65. ^ Oppn parties ask AP Govt to move resolution on Telangana
  66. ^ "Centre agrees to form Telangana state". Business Standard. 10 December 2009. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/centre-agrees-to-form-telangana-state/379142/. Retrieved 10 December 2009. 
  67. ^ It is freedom at midnight
  68. ^ AP: Non-Telangana areas erupt in protests
  69. ^ Wide-ranging consultations needed on Telangana: Centre
  70. ^ Students, police clash in Osmania University
  71. ^ Stick to Jan. 28 deadline to quit: Telangana JAC tells legislators
  72. ^ "Govt constitutes 5-member expert committee on Telangana – Yahoo! India News". In.news.yahoo.com. http://in.news.yahoo.com/242/20100203/1334/tnl-govt-constitutes-5-member-expert-com.html. Retrieved 2010-09-14. 
  73. ^ Telangana report on PC table, talks on Jan 6
  74. ^ "Full text: Srikrishna report on Telangana - Resources News - IBNLive". Ibnlive.in.com. 2010-02-03. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/full-text-srikrishna-report-on-telangana/139632-53.html. Retrieved 2011-01-26. 
  75. ^ Srikrishna Committee Report – Vol I (Main Report)
  76. ^ Srikrishna Committee Report – Vol II (Appendix to the report)
  77. ^ Separate Telangana state only solution: KCR
  78. ^ Clashes continue in Osmania University, protests rock Telangana
  79. ^ Telangana Cong MPs' ultimatum to Sonia
  80. ^ TDP to launch agitations across T from next week
  81. ^ Andhra Pradesh District Map
  82. ^ "BRGF District". Panchayat.gov.in. http://panchayat.gov.in/brgf/Report.do?method=BRGFdistrict. Retrieved 2010-09-14. 
  83. ^ Screen shot for http://panchayat.gov.in/brgf/Report.do?method=BRGFdistrict
  84. ^ Screen shot for Backward Region grant fund(BRGF) by Govt of India
  85. ^ "Telangana and Muslims". TwoCircles.net. http://www.twocircles.net/2009dec12/telangana_and_muslims.html. Retrieved 2010-09-14. 
  86. ^ "Census of India – DISTRIBUTION OF 10,000 PERSONS BY LANGUAGE". Censusindia.gov.in. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement3.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-14. 
  87. ^ Hyderabadi Culture
  88. ^ Hyderabadi Cultural Spirit

[edit] External links


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v · d · e State of Andhra Pradesh
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